تاثیر آزادسازی تجاری بر درآمد صنایع غذایی (مطالعه موردی رب گوجه فرنگی ایران)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• سید احسان ظهوری ¹
• امیر محمدی نژاد ²
• رضا مقدسی ³

¹ دانش آموخته دوره دکتری، گروه اقتصاد، ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.

² استادیار گروه اقتصاد، ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران،ایران.

³ دانشیار گروه اقتصاد، ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی ، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران،ایران.

10.30495/jae.2022.23586.2107

چکیده

مقدمه و هدف: بنگاههای کوچک و متوسط سهم قابل توجهی از ارزش افزوده را می­توانند به­ خود اختصاص دهند؛ محصولات صنایع تبدیلی بویژه رب گوجه­فرنگی با توجه به تولید سرانه و موقعیت اقلیمی ایران، از نظایر آن محسوب می­شوند. نظر به توسعه جهانی­شدن، راهبردهای رفع موانع تعرفه­ای و غیر تعرفه­ای می‌تواند منجر به افزایش سهم صادرکنندگان در بازار رقابتی شود.
مواد و روش­ها: برای مطالعه عوامل مؤثر بویژه عامل تعرفه برسهم درآمد صادرکنندگان رب­گوجه فرنگی از داده­های تابلویی با 192 مقطع شامل کارخانجات عمده صادرکننده وکشورهای واردکننده طی سال‌های 92-1384 درقالب مدل جاذبه استفاده شده است.
یافته­ها: نتایج روش تخمین مدل خطی تعمیم یافته حاکی از اثر مثبت بهره­وری، تعداد اسناد تجاری، مذهب و آسیایی­بودن کشور و اثر منفی تعرفه و مسافت تا کشور واردکننده بر سهم درآمد شرکت صادرکننده رب گوجه­فرنگی ایرانی بوده است.
بحث و نتیجه­گیری: اهم پیشنهادات می‌تواند شامل عضویت درسازمان تجارت جهانی، ترجیح برصادرات با بسته بندی اسپتیک به شرکای تجاری خاص و اعمال تعرفه­های ترجیحی از راه مذاکرات می­باشد. درخصوص عوامل غیر­تعرفه­ای، به تسهیل در عملیات بانکی بین­المللی از طریق رفع تحریم­های اقتصادی، تمرکز بر بازارهای آسیایی با توجه به اصل مزیت نسبی، به­روزرسانی تجهیزات، مکان­یابی کارخانه­ها و آموزش نیروی انسانی، پیشنهاد می­شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• تعرفه ارزشی
• رب گوجه فرنگی
• سهم درآمد

---

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Trade Liberalization on the Food-industries’ Revenue (A Case Study of Tomato-Paste in Iran)

نویسندگان [English]

• Seyed Ehsan Zohoori ¹
• Amir Mohamadinejad ²
• Reza Moghadasi ³

¹ Ph.D. Graduate, Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

² Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran .

³ Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Small and medium companies may allocate themselves a significant share of value added; food industry products especially tomato paste in accordance with the production per capita and climate conditions of Iran are considered as such. Owing to the globalization development, the strategies of relieving from tariff and non-tariff barriers increase the exporters’ shares in the competitive market.
Materials and Methods: To investigate the effective factors, particularly the ad-valorem tariff on the share of tomato-paste exporters, a panel data was used with 192 cross-sections, including major exporting factories and importing countries in a gravity model during 2005-13.
Findings: Results of the Generalized Linear Model estimations indicated the positive effect of productivity, number of trade documents, religion, and being an Asian country, as well as the negative effect of tariff and distance to the importing country on the revenue share of Iranian tomato-paste exporting companies.
Conclusion: The most important suggestions is to be WTO membership, preferring to export to special trade partners with aseptic packages and to apply preferential tariffs via negotiations. In case of non-tariff factors, it is recommended that international banking functions should be facilitated by relieving the economic sanctions, focusing on Asian markets due to the comparative advantages, updating equipment, determining the geographic position of factories, and educating the labor.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Ad-Valorem ‌Tariff
• Tomato-Paste
• Revenue Share

مراجع

1. FAOSTAT Detailed trade matrix. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. 2014; http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/TM. Retrieved date: 2014/03/06.

2. Norouzi Gh, Moghaddasi R, Yazdani S. Determining Tariff Equivalent of Non-Tariffs Barriers in Agriculural Sector of Iran: an Application to Import Elasticity Method: Iranian Journal of Agricultural economics (economics and agriculture journal). 2013; 7(1); page: 15. (In Persian).

3. Kumar NR, Rai M. Performance, Competitiveness and Determinants of Tomato Export from India. AgriEconRes.Rev.2007;.P:20.https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/47447.

4. Hartman D, Sheldon I, Tweeten Luther G. Location of Vertically Linked Industries under Free Trade: Case Studies of Orange Juice and Tomato-Paste in the Western Hemisphere. 1999; Working Paper. PP: 9–10. DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.14580

5. Xiong B, Beghi John C, Marette S. Gains to French champagne makers from tariff liberalization. 2013; Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association’s 2013 AAEA & CAES Joint Annual Meeting Washington, DC, August 4-6.

DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.150003

6. Papke Leslie E, Wooldridge Jeffery M, Econometric methods for fractional response variables with an application to 401(k) plan participation rates. J of Applied Econometrics. 1996; 11, 619–632.https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1255(199611)11:6<619::AID-JAE418>3.0.CO;2-1

7. Hardin James W. Generalized Estimating Equation. Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science. John Wily & Sons Ltd, Chichester. 2005; (2):721-722.

8. Martínez-Zarzoso I, The log of gravity revisited. Applied Economics, 2013; 45. pp:311–327. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036846.2011.599786.

9. Wagner J. Unobserved firm heterogeneity and the size-exports nexus: Evidence from German panel data. Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer; Institutfür Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), 2003; vol. 139(1):161–172. DOI: 10.1007/BF02659612

10. Dowlatshahi Tahmaseb M, International Economics. 2006; 10th Edition. Pashoutan Press. PP: 138 & 139. (In Persian).

11. Moradi MA.Import and Export Costs of Iran in Ease of Doing Business. Business Studies. 2013; 11(62): 18-30. http://barresybazargani.itsr.ir/article_13968.html

12. Caves Richard E, Frankel Jeffrey A, Jones Ronald W. World Trade and Payment. Donyayeh Eghtesad Press, 2017; 1th Edition, Translated by A. Hashemi. Tehran. Page: 235.

https://www.amazon.com/World-Trade-Payments-Introduction-10th/dp/0321226607

13. Nouri SH, Nilipour Sh. Prioritizing the development of food process and supplement industries by using Delphi method in Falavarjan city of Isfahan province. Geographic Research.  2007; 4(60):161(In Persian).

https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/18700/161/text

14. Gholipour S. A review of major challenges and consequences of food crisis in the world. Business studies. 2011; 50(5): 99-106.(In Persian).

15. Dizji S, Jariani F, Najaezadeh R. The Effect of Sanctions on Bilateral trade on Agricultural Crops among Iran and Mena Zone Countries and Europe Union. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics (Economics & Agriculture) 2018; 12(2):69-90.

16. Asari SA, Ardakani AF, Fehresti Sani M. Investigation of the Effective Factors on Iran Pomegranate Export demand. Journal of Agricultural Economic Research. 2017; 9(35):1-16. (In Persian).

17. Shahabadi A, Salmani Y, Valinia A. Investigation of Agricultural Market Convergence in G7 and D8 Countries: Gravity Model Approach. Iranian Journal of Economic Research. 2016; 4(32):127-150. (In Persian).

18. Delehanty P. Small Businesses Key Players in International Trade. Issue Brief, 2015; No.11. PP: 1-4. https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/I s sue-Brief -11-Smal l-Biz-Key-Players International-Trade.pdf.

19. Directorate marketing. Department of Agricultural Forestry and Fisheries of South Africa. A Profile of the South African Sugar Market Value Chain. 2012; PP: 30-58. Available On line at: https://www. nda.agric.za/doaDev

/sideMenu/Marketing/Annual‌Publications/Commodity Profiles /field crops/Sugar Market Value Chain

Profile 2016.pdf

20. Tinbergen J. The World Economy. Suggestions for an International Economic Policy (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1962.

21. Frankel J, Stein E, Wei SJ. Trading Blocs and the Americas: The Natural, the Unnatural and the Super-Natural. Journal of Development Economics, 1995; 47(1), 61-95.

22. Bacchetta M, Beverelli C, Cadot O, Fugazza M, Grether J, M Helble M, Nicita A. Piermartini R. A Practical Guide to Trade Policy Analysis .UNCTAD/WTO: 2012; Page:105.Chen C, Yang J, Findlay Ch, Measuring the Effect of Food Safety Standards on China’s Agricultural Exports. Rev World Econ 144 Symposium Productivity and Its Impacts on Global Trade; 2008.

23. World Bank; 2015; Available on line at: https://datacatalog.worldbank.org.

24. By-products report of Agricultural Sector. The Library and Information office of Industry, Mine &Trade Ministry of Islamic Republic of Iran. 2014.

25. Williams R. Brief Introduction to Generalized Linear Models; 2015; University of Notre Dame, http://www3.nd.edu/~rwilliam/.PP:1-4.

26. Papke Leslie E, Wooldridge Jeffrey M. Panel data methods for fractional response variables with an application to test pass rates. J Econ .2008; 145: 124.

27. Hadri K. Testing for stationarity in heterogeneous panel data. Econometrics Journal .2000; 3: 148–161.

28. Harris R, Tzavalis E. Inference for unit roots in dynamic panels where the time dimension is fixed. Journal of Econometrics .1999; (91): 201–226.

29. Santos Silva JMC, Tenreyro S. The Log of Gravity, Review of Economics and Statistics. MIT Press J; 2006.  88:641–658.

30. Adimari G, Ventura L. Robust inference for generalized linear models with Application to logistic regression. Stat Probab Lett. 2001; 55: 413–419. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-7152(01)00157-2.

31. Curzi D, Raimondi V, Olper A. Quality Upgrading, Competition and Trade Policy: Evidence from the Agri-Food Sector. Paper prepared for presentation at the International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium’s (IATRC’s) 2013 Symposium: Productivity and Its Impacts on Global Trade, June 2-4, 2013; Seville Spain. PP: 9-13.

32. Boulanger P, Kavallari A, Rau Marie L. Rutten, Trade openness and investment in North Africa. Paper prepared for the 2013 International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium. 2013; DOI:10.22004/ag.econ.152360.

33. UNIDO. IRR industrial Sector Survey on the Potential for non-oil manufactured exports. 1st Published. 1991.